Posts by Kent Delord House Museum

Hi everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at a painting that was done sometime between 1832 and 1833. This painting is of British Parliamentarians and the King, and was done to commemorate the reforms to being made to Parliament and voting. This portrait is done on ceramic, which is then housed in a wooden frame. We believe that this piece was acquired by Frances Henrietta and her husband Henry Webb on their European honeymoon. The two traveled Europe in 1832 and 1833, with them being in England in 1833. Unfortunately, the piece is not signed, so we do not know who the artist was. Let’s learn a bit more about painting portraits on porcelain, and the reforms that this Parliament were making.

People have been painting on porcelain and pottery for thousands of years. The ancient Greeks and romans decorated their pottery with portraits of heroes and gods. Their portraits were glorifying and idealistic, rather than trying to be realistic. Throughout the Middle Ages portraiture on pottery basically disappeared. In the 14th and 15th Centuries, during the Renaissance portrait painting on pottery began to come back into fashion. Portrait painting on porcelain really came into it’s heyday in the 18th Century. The bulk of the paintings on porcelain were miniatures, small pieces meant to be displayed on a pice of furniture or carried with you on your person, rather than hung on a wall. Our piece is large and framed, meaning it was meant to be hung and displayed on a wall.

So, what was so important about the reforms being made that a portrait was painted to commemorate it? In 1832, Parliament passed a law that changed the British electoral system. It was known as the Great Reform Act, which basically gave the vote to middle class men, leaving working men disappointed. The Reform Act became law in response to years of criticism of the electoral system from those outside and inside Parliament. Elections in Britain were neither fair nor representative. In order to vote, a person had to own property or pay certain taxes to qualify, which excluded most working class people. There were also constituencies with several voters that elected two MPs to Parliament, such as Old Sarum in Salisbury. In these ‘rotten boroughs’, with few voters and no secret ballot, it was easy for those standing for election to buy votes. Industrial towns like Manchester or Birmingham, which had grown during the previous 80 years, had no Members of Parliament to represent them. In 1831, the House of Commons passed a Reform Bill, but the House of Lords, dominated by the Tory party, defeated it. This was followed by riots and serious disturbances in London, Birmingham, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Exeter and Bristol and other cities throughout England.

This portrait is in very good condition. The frame is in rougher shape, and has had some repair work done to it. It is the original frame though, which is great. We’re not sure why Frances and Henry decided to purchase this painting and bring it back with them, but we’re glad they did. It is a fascinating glimpse into British history and we are so lucky to have it in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi everyone, and welcome back to another Artifact Corner. Today we will be looking at a small pin. We have quite a few brooches and pins in our collections, but this one is an absolute conundrum. Fannie Delord Webb Hall really liked brooches, and wore quite a few of them in different pictures, but we can’t find any information on this pin. The pin has a coat of arms on it, and some gold text. The text reads “Honi soit qui mal y pense,” which is Medieval French for ‘Shame on him who thinks evil of it.’ As it turns out, this is a Victorian era Order of the Garter pin. Why on earth do we have this pin in our collections? No member of the family was a member. Let’s learn a bit more about the Order of the Garter.

The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an order of chivalry founded by Edward III of England in 1348. It is the most senior order of knighthood in the British honours system, outranked in precedence only by the Victoria Cross and the George Cross. The Order of the Garter is dedicated to the image and arms of Saint George, England’s patron saint. Appointments are at the sovereign’s sole discretion and are usually in recognition of a national contribution, for public service, or for personal service to the sovereign. There are numerous legends surrounding the origin story for the order of the garter. The most popular involves the “Countess of Salisbury”, whose garter is said to have slipped from her leg while she was dancing at a court ball at Calais. When the surrounding courtiers snickered, the king picked it up and returned it to her, exclaiming, “Honi soit qui mal y pense!” (‘Shame on him who thinks ill of it!’), the phrase that has become the motto of the Order. However, the earliest written version of this story dates from the 1460s, and it seems to have been conceived as a retrospective explanation. The use of the garter as an emblem may have derived from straps used to fasten armour, and may have been chosen because it held overtones of a tight-knit “band” or “bond” of knightly “supporters” of Edward’s cause.

Membership in the Order is strictly limited and includes the monarch, the Prince of Wales, not more than 24 companion members, and various supernumerary members. The monarch alone can grant membership. Monarchs are known as the Sovereign of the Garter, and the Prince of Wales is known as a Royal Knight Companion of the Garter. Male members of the Order are titled “Knights Companion” and female members are called “Ladies Companion.” St. Georges Chapel in Windsor is the mother church of the Order of the Garter and the location of special services in relation to the Order. Every Monarch and Prince of Wales has been a member of the Order of the Garter from the late 1340’s to present day.

The Delord family was decidedly American and French. The family were very much on the side of the American cause during the War of 1812, with Henry and Betsey Delord being friends with the American commanders, and holding dinner parties for them. So, it seems a bit weird that the family would end up with an Order of the Garter pin in their possessions. We will continue to try to figure out the origins of the pins arrival, but for the time being, we’re just not sure. It is a beautiful pin, and in quite good condition. We are so lucky to have it in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by!

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at this Victorian pitcher and basin. It has a lovely cattail motif on both the pitcher and the basin. There is no makers mark on the bottom of either the pitcher or the basin, but it does have a number 48 carved into the bottom of the pitcher. We actually have two identical sets of these in our collections. The other set has has the number 110 on the bottom of that pitcher. These are likely the number of sets that were produced by the manufacturer. This type of porcelain is known as ironstone wear, or just called iron stone. Let’s learn a bit more about the material and how it’s made, and what life was like for the early Victorians without indoor plumbing.

Ironstone china, ironstone ware or most commonly just ironstone, is a type of vitreous pottery first made in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century. It is often classed as earthenware although in appearance and properties it is similar to fine stoneware. It was developed in the 19th century by potters in Staffordshire, England, as a cheaper, mass-produced alternative for porcelain. The original patent for ironstone, British Patent number 3724, from 1813 by Charles James Mason, is as follows: 4 parts china clay, 4 parts china stone, 4 parts calcined flint, 3 parts prepared ironstone and a trace of cobalt oxide. The goal was to make hearty pieces that would not break easily, and stand up to the daily rigors of household chores.

This beautiful pitcher and basin set was likely used every single morning and evening by members of the Delord family. Getting ready in the morning in a home with no plumbing or central heating was a lot more laborious than our morning routines. First and foremost, you needed warm water. The Victorians did not believe very hot or very cold water was good for you, so warm water it is. That meant building a fire or stoking the embers from the fire the night before. Once the water is warmed, you would put it in the pitcher, and bring it back to your basin. Now you can wash up for the day. Some women added flower petals to their water, like rose, lavender, or chamomile. This would not only perfume the water, making it smell nice, but would also act as an astringent. You would wash your face in the basin first, then use a damp washcloth to wash the rest of your body. Having a full bath was something that happened once or twice a month. Then it’s time to get dressed, and put your hair up. There is a common misconception that women did not wear makeup, and this is simply not true. Women in the Victorian Era wore makeup, but it was meant to be subtle. The fashion of the time was to have as natural a look as possible, and makeup was used to simply enhance your beauty. With all of that done, you were ready for the day. Once you were ready for bed, the pitcher and basin were filled with warm water again, and it was time to wash up.

This pitcher and basin are in fantastic condition. There are no chips or cracks to the pieces, a testament to just how hardy the ironstone wear is. There is some slight discoloration of the glaze, but that is not terribly uncommon for a piece of this age, that has received this much use. This set is a reminder of how lucky we are to have indoor plumbing and hot water on demand. We are so lucky to have these beautiful pieces in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at this Victorian pitcher and basin. It has a lovely cattail motif on both the pitcher and the basin. There is no makers mark on the bottom of either the pitcher or the basin, but it does have a number 48 carved into the bottom of the pitcher. We actually have two identical sets of these in our collections. The other set has has the number 110 on the bottom of that pitcher. These are likely the number of sets that were produced by the manufacturer. This type of porcelain is known as ironstone wear, or just called iron stone. Let’s learn a bit more about the material and how it’s made, and what life was like for the early Victorians without indoor plumbing.

Ironstone china, ironstone ware or most commonly just ironstone, is a type of vitreous pottery first made in the United Kingdom in the early 19th century. It is often classed as earthenware although in appearance and properties it is similar to fine stoneware. It was developed in the 19th century by potters in Staffordshire, England, as a cheaper, mass-produced alternative for porcelain. The original patent for ironstone, British Patent number 3724, from 1813 by Charles James Mason, is as follows: 4 parts china clay, 4 parts china stone, 4 parts calcined flint, 3 parts prepared ironstone and a trace of cobalt oxide. The goal was to make hearty pieces that would not break easily, and stand up to the daily rigors of household chores.

This beautiful pitcher and basin set was likely used every single morning and evening by members of the Delord family. Getting ready in the morning in a home with no plumbing or central heating was a lot more laborious than our morning routines. First and foremost, you needed warm water. The Victorians did not believe very hot or very cold water was good for you, so warm water it is. That meant building a fire or stoking the embers from the fire the night before. Once the water is warmed, you would put it in the pitcher, and bring it back to your basin. Now you can wash up for the day. Some women added flower petals to their water, like rose, lavender, or chamomile. This would not only perfume the water, making it smell nice, but would also act as an astringent. You would wash your face in the basin first, then use a damp washcloth to wash the rest of your body. Having a full bath was something that happened once or twice a month. Then it’s time to get dressed, and put your hair up. There is a common misconception that women did not wear makeup, and this is simply not true. Women in the Victorian Era wore makeup, but it was meant to be subtle. The fashion of the time was to have as natural a look as possible, and makeup was used to simply enhance your beauty. With all of that done, you were ready for the day. Once you were ready for bed, the pitcher and basin were filled with warm water again, and it was time to wash up.

This pitcher and basin are in fantastic condition. There are no chips or cracks to the pieces, a testament to just how hardy the ironstone wear is. There is some slight discoloration of the glaze, but that is not terribly uncommon for a piece of this age, that has received this much use. This set is a reminder of how lucky we are to have indoor plumbing and hot water on demand. We are so lucky to have these beautiful pieces in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone and welcome back to another artifact corner. In honor of Valentine’s Day, happening just a couple of days ago, we will be looking at a small book, the perfect size to fit in a pocket. The book is called “A Token of Affection. Poetry of the Heart.” The book was published in London, by Charles Tilt of Fleet Street. There is no publishing date, but it must have been published sometime before 1840. There is an inscription on the flyleaf that reads, “For little Frances, from her affectionate friend, H. C.C. Hartford, Oct. 16th, 1840.” Little Frances is our Fannie Delord Webb Hall, the last family member to reside in the house. She was born in Albany in 1834, and lived in our home for the first four years of her life, being raised by her Grandmother Betsey Delord. She then moved down to Connecticut to be raised and educated by her Aunt Eliza. So, at the time of receiving this gift, she was only six years old. But the book must have been treasured, because it has survived almost 200 years. Let’s take a sneak peak inside.
One of the first poems in the book is called “Affections Keepsake.” It reads as follows:

“Affection never for a moment tires,

But still the same, for ever will love on;

The cloud of sorrow oftentimes conspires,

To shade it’s brilliant fervor; but when gone,

How bursts it forth in all it’s radiant fires,

To shame the former light with which it shone.

So ever be it still – forbid it Heaven,

That lasting hindrance to true love be given.”

Another poem in the book is meant to be set to music. It says this poem is arranged for voice and piano-forte. It’s called, “How like yon evening star of heaven.”

“How like yon evening star of heaven

Was Ella’s eye,

With joy was mixed no bitter leaven

When she was by:

Nor thought I then of ought besides,

The groves and flowers

All yielded unto her their pride,

In those sweet hours.

When summer days were long and fair,

How we would pine

Until appear’d yon welcome star

On Us to shine.

But why o’er joy departed cast

Such lingering gaze?

’Tis set no more to rise – are past

It’s latest rays.”

Lastly, we’ll read a short poem towards the end of the book. It’s called, “The Origin of the Red Rose.”

“As first in Eden’s blissful bowers,

Young eve survey’d her countless flowers,

An opening rose of purest white

She mark’d with eyes that beam’d delight,

It’s leaves she kiss’d, and straight it drew

From beauty’s lips the vermeil hue.”

This little book is in quite good condition. The leather binding is almost perfect, and the gold leaf lettering is also pretty much perfect. The pages have some foxing, meaning browning and spotting, but this is very common for books that are almost 200 years old. The ink inscription is still very clear and legible as well. This is a beautiful little book, and we are so lucky to have it in our collections. We hope you all had a lovely Valentine’s Day! Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at a champagne bottle from ……. Well, we are not really sure. The label on the bottle is pretty distressed and very hard to read. The first two letters are B and O, but the rest is hard to decipher. On the bottom right of the label it says Mareuil Sur A…. And the rest is illegible. There is foil on the neck of the bottle, and some hemp cord around the neck as well. The bottle is hand blown green glass, and is completely in tact with no chips or cracks in it. The cork is broken, but still in the bottle, which is pretty unique. There is no champagne left in the bottle, so whoever purchased this, enjoyed it’s contents. Let’s learn a bit more about the history of champagne.

The first domestic vines in the Champagne region can be traced back to the 1st century. The Champagne region is located in Northern France, and has pretty much the perfect growing conditions for the grapes that make the famous wine. Throughout the Middle Ages, this region supplied most of the white wine that people across Europe purchased. Conflicts (such as Frances Hundred Years War with England) and climate changes directly effected the production of wine in the region, but production always resumed. The beautiful white wine being produced in the Champagne region was until this point, just that, white wine with no carbonation. The real birth of the fabulously fizzy drink starts in the late 1660’s when a benedictine monk named Dom Pierre Perignon, started blending wines, and using a second fermentation process, which allowed for the carbonation of the wine. Upon tasting his creation he is said to have exclaimed, “Come, for I am drinking stars!” The upper echelons of society quickly fell in love with the effervescent beverage, and soon it was being served at the French royal court, and all around Europe.

So, how exactly is champagne made? All of the grapes are picked by hand between August and October. They are then pressed by hand, making sure that only the clearest juice is allowed. Then the juice is placed in a cask or tank and the first fermentation begins. The result is a still (not sparkling) wine, which has had all of the sugar naturally found in the grape fermented out of it. Next is the process of assemblage, or the blending of the wines. This can combine Pinot Noir, Pinot Blanc and Chardonnay, creating a complex flavor profile. This steps normally happens 5 months after the first fermentation. Then the wine is fermented a second time. A mixture of yeast, yeast nutrients, and sugar are added to the wine. The wine is then bottled and put in a cool cellar to slowly ferment. This process is what creates carbon dioxide, and makes the wine bubbly. All quality Champagne is aged for at least five years. Following the aging, the wine goes through the riddling process. The bottles are turned upside down, and given a 1/8 of a turn everyday. This is to force the dead yeast cells to the neck of the bottle. The last step is the disgorging, or the removal of the dead yeast cells. The bottle is kept upside down, and the neck is frozen in a ice salt bath. The bottle is opened, and the frozen plug is removed, clearing out the dead yeast cells, and leaving only the sparkling wine behind. As you can see, this is a very labor intensive process, and part of the reason quality champagnes can carry a hefty price tag.

In researching this champagne bottle, we think this might be a bottle of Bollinger Champagne that was made prior to 1880’s. We attempted to reach out to Bollinger to see if they could identify the bottle, but we haven’t heard back yet. If we do, there could be a part two for this video. This bottle is in good condition, and a reminder to celebrate every now and again, and we are so lucky to have it in our collections. Special thanks to my research assistant Sara Sands. Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at two small paper documents from 1856. The first is a document stating that Frank Hall and Fannie Delord Webb were intending to marry, and the second is the marriage license itself. Frank and Fannie were married on May 14, 1856. The couple was married in Hartford, CT, which is where Fannie Delord Webb was residing at the time. Marriage licenses were relatively new in the mid-19th Century. Let’s learn a bit more about the history of marriage licenses.

The first documented marriage happened in Ancient Mesopotamia in 2350 BCE. The initial reason for marriages was mostly legal, and was used to help navigate the complicated intermingling of families wealth and properties. So, the concept of the union of two people was more of a business transaction, than it was a love match. This ultimately meant that most of the marriages were amongst people of means. If you had no land or money, you didn’t have much to protect when entering into a union, therefore, you didn’t need to be legally married. The actual word marriage, comes from Middle English, and is first seen in literature somewhere between 1250-1300. So, we see marriage licenses being issued in England around the 1300’s. Again, marriages were entered into by both rich and poor, but a marriage license was issued for people with means, and it was a financial transaction. Most marriages in the Middle Ages for wealthy people were arranged. It was about creating alliances and consolidating wealth, not a romantic union.

With Europeans moving to North America, they brought their customs with them, and that included marriages. Marriage licenses have been required since 1639 in Massachusetts, with their use gradually expanding to other jurisdictions. Throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries in America, it was not required for couples to obtain a marriage license before forming a union. It was until the mid 19th Century that the US formally made it a law for couples to have a license to marry. Actually, prior to Frank and Fannie getting married in 1856, we have the record of Fannie’s parents marriage. They did not have a marriage license, they instead had a marriage indenture. This literally meant that Fannie’s mom became the property of Fannie’s dad. Not cool. By the mid 1800’s, the licensure made each partner equal participants in the union, as long as you were a man and a woman of the same ethnicity. For mixed race couples, they had to wait until 1967 to have their marriage legally recognized. For same sex couples, they had to wait until 2015 to have their unions recognized legally in the United States.

These two small pieces of paper are a look at marriage in the Victorian period in the United States, and a reminder of how far we have come. Thankfully, most people entering into marriages today are for a love match, and not strictly a legal union. These pieces of paper are in quite good condition, and we are so lucky to have them in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by.

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at a couple of pairs of silk stocking from the early 1830’s. These stockings belonged to Frances Henrietta Delord Webb, and were likely purchased for her honeymoon to Europe in 1832. We have a pretty definitive date for these stockings, because she left for her honeymoon in 1832, and she passed away from child bed fever in 1834. These stocking are a lovely pink shade, which was very common for women in the early 1830’s. Let’s learn a bit more about the history of silk stockings.

The earliest example of a stocking was discovered in a tomb in Ancient Egypt and is over 2,000 years old. The socks featured a fitted heel and a draw chord at the top, so these were some pretty well constructed garments! All of these early stockings or socks as we would classify them today were obviously made by hand. Most of the stockings and socks were made from wool. Wool is an incredible fabric, because it can keep you warm even if it gets wet. In Northern Europe, where winters can be extremely cold and wet, wool stockings helped get people through the season. Now, while wool is fantastic for the winter, it could be a little too warm for the summers, but people still needed stockings or socks. Silk is also an amazing fabric. It dries quickly, it’s lightweight and breathable, and it’s absorbent. Not to mention the stunning shine that silk fabric has. But, knitting stockings from silk was far more labor intensive than knitting with wool. Because of this, only the uber wealthy could afford them. The first documented person to wear knitted silk stockings was Queen Elizabeth I in 1560. Because each pair were made by hand, the knitter had to know the dimensions of the person’s legs, ankles and feet in order to customize them for the wearer. And because there was no elastic in this period, the stocking were held up with ribbons or garters worn just below the knee.

Silk stockings continued to be very popular amongst the upper classes throughout Europe and North America through the 18th, 19th, and early 20th Centuries. The silk stockings could be made is a myriad of colors from white, yellow, blue, green, black and pink like the ones we have in our collections. They could also be decorated with embroidery on the ankle known as clocking. This embroidery could be done with metallic thread that could pick up candle light during dances and balls as your skirts swished about. The luxury and allure of silk stocking saw it’s decline in 1939, when the DuPont company developed the material nylon. Nylon had many uses, but it’s growth in the market of women’s stockings was stratospheric. DuPont estimates that they sold up to four million pairs of nylon stockings in the United States in a single day! Nylon stockings are cheap, durable and sheer compared to their wool and silk counterparts. Thus, nylon took over the stocking industry, and the expensive silk stockings fell out of favor.

Our silk stocking are in quite good condition, likely because they were not worn very much. Most of the outfits purchased for her honeymoon in Europe were worn very infrequently, and after Frances’ passing, her clothes were put safely away. Because of that, the garments are in very good condition. There are a couple of small stains, but they are pretty minimal. They are a beautiful example of women’s fashions in the early 1830’s and we are so lucky to have them in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by!

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles

Hi Everyone, and welcome back to another artifact corner. Today we will be looking at a very rare survivor of the late 18th Century. This is a foreign currency calculator from 1793 that belonged to Henry Delord. When Henry moved to upstate NY, he had stores that he operated in both Peru and Plattsburgh. On February 9th, 1793, Congress and the Senate passed an act regulating foreign coins, making them legal tender, and establishing their value. This is also the first year the US struck their first coins. Any and all merchants needed to know what the currency would be worth vs the new legal US tender. Hence this chart was made and sent to businesses throughout the new United States. Henry also made a smaller “cheat sheet” which we have here, probably using the amounts he saw most frequently in transactions at his stores. Let’s learn a bit more about the history of money.

Since the beginning of human history, we have traded things amongst ourselves to survive. If there was someone in your community that was better at a certain task than you were, you would often have that person complete the task, and then give them something in return for their services. This is known as the barter system, and is very effective in small communities. As people developed larger and more complex communities and cities, it became harder for them to trade off goods and services, and the need for a more regulated economy grew. Hence the need for a common currency. The first known iteration of coinage were manufactured in ancient Mesopotamia and were called a shekel. They were usually made of silver, and were used in the cities of Tyre and Carthage about 5,000 years ago. The Shekel was not exactly a coin, but more a unit of weight, to connote the value of a good or service. In 1,000 BCE, the Chinese began making coins out of bronze and copper, very valuable materials in their day. The idea of metal coins, which held values specified by their makers spread throughout Asia and into Europe. The Ancient Greeks began to make coins out of silver and gold around 650 BCE. The earliest Roman coins were made around 200 BCE and were made of bronze, but they later started manufacturing them out of silver and gold as well. The most commonly used coin in the Roman Empire was the denarius, which was made from pressed silver, and remained in circulation for over 500 years! A roman denarius, simply based on the silver content today would be worth $2.60 in US dollars.

As we move into the Middle Ages, we see the first use of paper money, created by the Chinese sometime around the year 700. The paper currency was lighter weight, and meant that taking large amounts of it for trading around the world was much easier, but, many traders distrusted this new paper money, and questioned it’s value. The Chinese paper money fell out of use by the year 1450, and it would be a long time before paper currency came back into fashion. Throughout the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, metal coinage was king, and used throughout the world. This is not to say that the barter system completely disappeared, because it was still very common in smaller villages, through to modern day. The colonists settling in North America in 1690, had a form of paper money, well, kind of. Bills of exchange became a common part of the world economy during this time period. A bill of exchange is essentially a written order that one person or group will pay a specified amount of money on demand. So, while this is not exactly paper currency, it was a piece of paper that could be exchanged for a good or service. The first paper money made and issued in the United States did not happen until 1861. So, we’ve only had paper money in the US for 162 years, everything prior to that was coins or bills of exchange.

This table of conversions for foreign currency is in pretty good condition, given that is 230 years old. There are some ink stains, and the creases in it are pretty deep, mostly due to it being folded up, and likely stored in a pocket. It’s still a fascinating glimpse into our countries very early economy, and we are so lucky to have it in our collections. Thanks so much for stopping by!

The following music was used for this media project:
Music: Sunny Morning by MusicLFiles
Free download: https://filmmusic.io/song/7813-sunny-morning
License (CC BY 4.0): https://filmmusic.io/standard-license
Artist website: https://cemmusicproject.wixsite.com/musiclibraryfiles